Experiments

The goal of a scalability experiment is to determine how well software is able to make good use of additional hardware. In the case of a LUE model, the goal is to determine how well the model is capable of using additional CPU cores, NUMA nodes (grouping CPU cores and memory), or cluster nodes (grouping NUMA nodes). These are the kinds of workers we will focus on here.

There are two kinds of scalability: strong scalability and weak scalability. Strong scalability is not better than weak scalability. They are just different kinds of scalability. Depending on your use-case, you may be more interested in strong scalability or in weak scalability.

There are limits to scalability. Any piece of software will scale up to a certain number of workers. Serial software “scales” up to 1 worker, parallel software may scale up to many more. Scalability measures must always be associated with the number of workers used to calculate them.

Strong scalability

Strong scalability is relevant if you are interested in speeding up your existing model. A model that has a high strong scalability can make good use of additional hardware to make it finish faster.

In the case of a strong scalability experiment, the goal is to determine whether the model executes faster when more workers are allocated to the process. The problem size (model + data) stays the same each time the model is run on a larger amount of hardware.

Strong scalability is harder to achieve than weak scalability. Software contains serial and parallel fractions. Serial fractions can’t make use of additional workers - they have to run in serial, on a single worker. Parallel fractions may make good using of additional workers. Even in case of a small serial fraction and a perfectly scalable parallel fraction, overall strong scalability will be limited. See the Wikipedia page on Amdahl’s law for a sobering explanation of this fact.

A good way to express strong scalability is the relative strong scalability efficiency (\(RSE_{strong}\)):

\[ RSE_{strong} = \frac{T_{S,1}}{P \times T_{S,P}} \times 100\% \]

\(P\)	Number of workers
\(T_{S,1}\)	Latency when using one worker
\(T_{S,P}\)	Latency when working \(P\) workers

For a strong scalability experiment you have to run the model multiple times, at least once for each number of workers, and measure the amount of time it takes to finish executing.

Weak scalability

Weak scalability is relevant if you are interested in increasing the amount of data used by your model. A model that has high weak scalability can make good use of the additional hardware so the time it takes to execute a larger problem does not increase much.

In the case of a weak scalability experiment, the goal is to determine whether or not the time it takes to execute a model stays the same when the amount of data and the amount of workers is increased. The amount of data is scaled linearly with the number of workers.

Weak scalability is easier to achieve than strong scalability due to the fact that increases in the size of the dataset used, often has an effect on the parallel fraction of the software and not on the serial fraction. See the Wikipedia page on Gustafson’s law for more information about this.

A good way to express scalability is the relative weak scalability efficiency (\(RSE_{weak}\)):

\[ RSE_{weak} = \frac{T_{W,1}}{T_{W,P}} \times 100\% \]

\(P\)	Number of workers
\(T_{W,1}\)	Latency when using one worker
\(T_{W,P}\)	Latency when working \(P\) workers

For a weak scalability experiment you have to run the model multiple times, at least once for each number of workers, and measure the amount of time it takes to finish executing. The size of the datasets must be scaled linearly with the number of workers used.

Tips and tricks

• Be clear about what you want to measure. If you want to determine the scalability of the computations, then make sure that your timings don’t include time spent on I/O.

• Make sure that the hardware used to execute the model is not also used by other (heavy) processes.

• Make sure that the problem size is “compatible” with the hardware. For example, calculate the amount of RAM per CPU and make sure that this value times the number of CPUs is never exceeded during the experiments.

• During test runs, monitor the hardware. Are all CPUs used indeed busy all the time. Is the memory usage of the model within the expected bounds?

• All experiments should take at least a few seconds to finish. Ideally tens of seconds or more.

• Only do scalability experiments of LUE models with a partition size for which the model executes fastest.

• Make sure the number of partitions is larger than the number of CPU cores used in the experiment. Otherwise the CPUs will be drained of useful work to do. This may indicate that you are using too much hardware for the problem size.

• A good way to present the results is to graph \(RSE_{strong}\) or \(RSE_{weak}\) against \(P\). Also plot the lines for linear (perfect) and serial (no) scalability. This helps putting the actual scalabilities into perspective visually.

• It may be useful to run the model multiple times for each number of workers, to learn about the spread in the results.

• Be sure to check the lue_scalability.py script, which automates much of the book keeping required when performing scalability experiments.